Coral reefs occur in more than 100 countries and territories and whilst they cover only 0.2% of the seafloor, they support at least 25% of marine species and underpin the safety, coastal protection, wellbeing, food and economic security of hundreds of millions of people. Despite estimates stating that coral reefs are valued at providing up to US$ 9.9 trillion per year, and support one billion globally, they continue to face mounting threats. Coral reefs are among the most vulnerable ecosystems on the planet to anthropogenic pressures, including global threats from climate change and ocean acidification, and local impacts from land-based pollution such as input of nutrients and sediments from agriculture, marine pollution, and overfishing and destructive fishing practices.
Maintaining the integrity and resilience of coral reef ecosystems is essential for the wellbeing of tropical coastal communities worldwide, and a critical part of the solution for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals under the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Global Biodiversity Framework.
The Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN) is an operational network of the International Coral Reef Initiative that aims to provide the best available scientific information on the status and trends of coral reef ecosystems for their conservation and management. The GCRMN is a global network of scientists, managers and organisations that monitor the condition of coral reefs throughout the world. The GCRMN operates through 10 regional nodes.
The flagship products of the GCRMN are the “Status of Coral Reefs of the World” reports, and to date, six “Status of Coral Reefs of the World” global reports have been published by the network.
Given the urgency to conserve coral reefs and the commitments made by countries to 2030, in May 2024, the GCRMN called for the contribution of coral reef monitoring data for the development of its seventh “Status of Coral Reefs of the World” global report to be released in 2026.
The call for data to this next report has now concluded. The report will describe the temporal trends of hard coral and algal cover (ideally at the resolution of macro algae, turf algae, and coralline algae) at the global level, providing a pivotal new report on the status and trends of the world’s reefs.
The data collated by the GCRMN for the production of this global report are coordinated and recorded in the GCRMN’s central GitHub repository. The repository aims to gather individual datasets on benthic cover that have been acquired in the world’s coral reefs over the last decades and to integrate them into a unique synthetic dataset. This dataset, named gcrmndb_benthos, is used to produce GCRMN reports on status and trends of coral reefs. In addition to its use for the production of GCRMN reports, this dataset can possibly be used for macroecological analyses, although this utilization is restricted to open access individual datasets integrated. Finally, this repository constitutes an inventory of existing data on benthic cover in coral reefs and represents a means to change the culture around data towards the FAIR principles (Wilkinson et al., 2016), and to preserve these data for future generations.
It is important to note that the gcrmndb_benthos is a code repository, which consist of a hub to store the code used for data integration, and not a data repository. The raw data contributed to the GCRMN are done so through strict Data Sharing Agreements, are not made publicly available without the explicit permission of the data owner.
To date, the gcrmndb_benthos synthetic dataset contains a total of 21,352,933 observations (i.e., rows) representing 39,437 sites and 90,669 surveys. These data have been contributed from 272 individual datasets, 600 members of the network, and represent monitoring efforts from over 120 countries, territories, and economies.
Therefore, the Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2025 will be developed from the largest GCRMN dataset of coral reef monitoring data to date.
To present which data have been contributed to the Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2025 report, as well as to encourage review and identify data gaps, an interactive Data Collation dataset map has been created. The map presents all the data that have been contributed and integrated to date, alongside their respective time series.
GCRMN reports are focused on widely collected indicators that represent the status of coral reefs. For the “Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2025” global report, monitoring data on percentage cover of benthic organisms is being requested. These data can be from consistent, long-term temporal monitoring programs or from one-off spatial surveys (i.e., a single survey in time). Ideally, the GCRMN is looking for the finest spatial level and the finest taxonomic level alongside metadata associated with the data to contextualise and interpret the data.
Data can be contributed if associated with a data paper or data repository, stored on MERMAID or ReefCloud, or if your data are stored in Excel or CSV formats. Moreover, your data do not need to be modified or standardised – the GCRMN will implement a standardisation process with all collated data through the gcrmndb_benthos Code Repository.
Please note, your data will not be made publicly available or shared without your prior permission.
If required, and where the contributor deems necessary, the GCRMN will enter into a formal Data Sharing Agreement (DSA). This DSA will set out the terms and conditions under which the GCRMN can use the contributed data and how the contributor(s) will be acknowledged in the report.
If you are interested in collaborating with the GCRMN for the production of this new global report, and would like further information, please download and review the two documents below:
To support present which data have been contributed to the Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2025 report, as well as to encourage review and identify data gaps, the an interactive Data Collation data set map has been created. The map presents all the data that have been contributed and integrated to date, alongside their respective time series. The map can be accessed here and you are encouraged to explore your region or regions where you know data are available. If you have, or know of, data that is yet to be contributed, please contact the Data Collation team.
If data are shared with the GCRMN, contributors will be acknowledged in publications that include the data. This may be as an author or as a data contributor, depending on the level of the contribution and based on accepted authorship criteria, which are specified in the GCRMN Data Sharing Agreement.
The GCRMN aim to acknowledge the work of all people involved in the acquisition of the contributed data, and kindly ask contributors to provide the names (and email addresses, if known) of the contributors who must be acknowledged in GCRMN publications. GCRMN will use a modified version of CRediT statements (https://credit.niso.org/) to describe each contributor’s specific contribution to the GCRMN publication. In addition, contributors could be invited to contribute to the writing and review of some sections of the report, all of which will be acknowledged appropriately.
The GCRMN Editorial Team and Data Taskforce will undertake the task of standardising, integrating and analysing these collated data. A model selection process will be undertaken, testing and reviewing the outputs of various statistical models and coordinated with the Regional writing times to ensure their robust and reflective selection.
The report will feature 2 core components:
The Editorial Team, in coordination with Regional Coordinators of each GCRMN node, respective regional writing teams and partners of the GCRMN, will begin compiling the contents of the report.
Each region will develop their respective chapters for the global report, with data contributors invited to write and/or review the each chapter’s content. Case studies are also being collated, and the editorial team will work directly with case study co-authors to feature a wide range of critical topics to support, contextualise and add additional layers to the Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2025 report. A policy brief will also be prepared to accompany the report.
If you have any photography or images that you wish to contribute to the Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2025 report, please kindly inform the GCRMN Editorial Team.
We are seeking images of healthy, damaged or degraded reefs, photography of human interactions with reefs, as well as image of fauna on reefs. Time series images are of particularly interest, either depicted reef degradation, algal increases, or reef recovery.
All images and photography included in the report will be duly acknowledged and used with the permission of the owner. When informing the Editorial Team, please share as much information as possible, including necessary credit (personal and/or institutional, location, date (year), and subject matter).
To ensure the highest level of scientific credibility and transparency, the GCRMN has invited the International Coral Reef Society (ICRS), under its mandate as a member of the International Coral Reef Initiative, to coordinate an independent external review of the forthcoming Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2025 report.
This collaboration reflects GCRMN’s ongoing commitment to producing robust, policy-relevant assessments grounded in sound science. Drawing on the expertise of coral reef researchers from around the world, the external review will further validate the report’s findings, enhance its clarity, and strengthen its value as a trusted reference for governments, conservation practitioners, and policy makers working to safeguard the world’s coral reefs.
Contributors who shared their data for the production of the report will be acknowledged in the global report alongside other publications that include the data. This will be exercised through a modified version of CRediT statements (https://credit.niso.org/) to describe each contributor’s specific contribution to the GCRMN publication.
Contributors may also have the opportunity to co-author the regional chapter in which their data were included, depending on the level of the contribution and based on accepted authorship criteria.
The GCRMN is committed to an inclusive production process, and aims to acknowledge the work of all people involved in the acquisition of the contributed data, as well as the production of this report. In addition, contributors could be invited to contribute to the writing and review of some sections of the report, all of which will be acknowledged appropriately.
To support data contributors and provide an overview of the data collation process, as well as an opportunity to ask questions, the GCRMN Data Collation team will be hosting two webinars in November 2024.
The webinars, held across two timezones, will welcome all who wish to contribute their data to the seventh GCRMN global report. Presentations will be provided on the data collation process, data storage, standardisation and acknowledgements. A large proportion will be set aside for Q&A and open discussion.
Download and view the agenda, and watch the recordings below:
If have questions about the process or the GCRMN at-large, please do not hesitate to reach out to the Data Collation team, the GCRMN Coordinator, or the ICRI Secretariat, or via the GCRMN Contact Page.
The production of the “Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2025” report is supported with voluntary financial contributions from:
