EMBARGOED UNTIL 27th AUGUST 2026.
Title: Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2025
Edited by: Manuel Gonzalez-Rivero; Thomas Dallison; Jeremy Wicquart; Amanda Brigdale; Erica K. Towle; Murray Logan; Emily K. Fobert; Francis Staub; Serge Planes.
Date: 27th August 2026
Institution: Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN), International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI)
Contributor Roles: CRedIT statement for this report
DOI: https://doi.org/10.59387/LFPR6347
Cite this report: González-Rivero, M., Dallison, T., Wicquart J., Brigdale, A., Towle, E. K., Logan, M., Fobert, E. K., Staub, F., and Planes, S. (eds.), 2026. Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2025. Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network and International Coral Reef Initiative. https://doi.org/10.59387/LFPR6347.
Copyright Information: Copyright © 2026, Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN) and International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI).
Supplementary Material: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21824430
This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit services, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose without prior permission in writing.
Each regional chapter contained within the Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2025 is accessible independently and is associated with a DOI. These individual chapters are accessible below:
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With thanks to the co-authors of the report:
Manuel Gonzalez-Rivero; Thomas Dallison; Jérémy Wicquart; Amanda Brigdale; Erica K. Towle; Murray Logan; Emily K. Fobert; Francis Staub; Serge Planes; Swaleh Ali Aboud; Muhammad Abrar; Mehdi Adjeroud; Yang Amri Affendi; Tracy Ainsworth; Mohammed Al-Tawaha; Jahson Berhane Alemu I; Suaad AlHarthi; Ahmad Ali Khan; Mary Allen; Reem K. AlMealla; Juan José Alvarado; Lorenzo Alvarez-Filip; Maher Amer; Put Jr. Ang; Andrea Arriaga-Madrigal; Mollie Asbury; Tamer Atalla; Arturo Ayala-Bocos; Kevin Bairos-Novak; Maria Vanessa Baria-Rodriguez; Léo Barret; Tahlia Bassett; Andrew G. Bauman; Chantale Bégin; Ivonne Bejarano; Sonia Bejarano; Rita C. Bento; Carlo Nike Bianchi; Lionel Bigot; Chico Birrell; Kristen T. Brown; John A. Burt; Johanna Calle-Triviño; Lisa Carne; Ben Charo; Chaolun Allen Chen; Frederick Chong; Loke Ming Chou; Apple Pui Yi Chui; Liam J. Clegg; Cesar A. M. M. Cordeiro; Aldo Croquer; Amilcar Leví Cupul-Magaña; Roy Dabuit; Craig Dahlgren; Giovanna Destri; Sudhanshu Dixit; Simon Donner; Mohammed Dosoky; Patterson J.K. Edward; Khaled El-Haddad; Eylem Elma; Mohammed Elsayed; Michael J Emslie; Richard D Evans; Katharina Fabricius; Mohamed F.M. Fairoz; Beatrice P. Ferreira; Amanda Ford; Patrice Francis; Beverly French; Ashton Gainsford; Ana Lidia B. Gaspar; Erick F. Geiger; Gilberte Gendron; James Gilmour; Giyanto; Rickdane Gomez; Manuel Gonzalez Rivero; Nicolas Guillemot; Jeneen Hadj-Hammou; Tom Heintz; Andrew S Hoey; Thomas Holmes; Mia Hoogenboom; Danwei Huang; Hui Huang; Lintao Huang; Ya-Yi Huang; Alwin Hylkema; Kelly Y. Inagaki; Lei Jiang; Sandrine Job; Kerryn Johns; Johanna Johnson; Mohsen Kayal; Inti Keith; Emma V Kennedy; Sun Kim; Taihun Kim; Lucas Yutaka Kimura; Tadashi Kimura; Damaris Kinyua; Yuko Kitano; Graham Kolodziej; Patricia Kramer; Chao-Yang Kuo; Christopher L Lawson; Antoine O.H.C. Leduc; Jiansheng Lian; Sandra Little; Gang Liu; Guilherme O. Longo; Andrés López-Pérez; Diego Lozano-Cortes; Katie Lubarsky; Zau Lunn; Jennie Malella; Sangeeta Mangubhai; Derek P. Manzello; Alyssa Marshell; Priscilla C. Martinez; Daniel Mateos-Molina; Laetitia Mathon; Eva McClure; Melanie McField; Erik Meesters; Miguel Mies; Karin Moejes; Nicolas Moity; Monica Montefalcone; Carla Morri; Molly Moustaka; Peter J. Mumby; Israel A. Muñiz-Castillo; Takashi Nakamura; Cleto L. Nañola; Richard S. Nemeth; Victor Nestor; C.S. Lionel Ng; Van Long Nguyen; Ágatha N. Ninow; Alexander O’Brien; David Obura; Geoffrey Odhiambo; Elizabeth Oh; Manuel Olán-González; Lauren K. Olinger; Thiago B. N. Oliveira; Damien Olivier; Juan Ortiz; John Pandolfi; Heung-sik Park; John Parkinson; Nicole Pedersen; Rebekka Pentti; Morgan Pomeroy; Chris Poonian; Sean N. Porter; Ana Paula L. Prates; Juan Pablo Quimbayo; Joshua Rambahiniarison; Pedro Range; Héctor Reyes-Bonilla; Laura E. Richardson; Fernando Rivera; Andrea Rivera-Sosa; William D Robbins; Jenny Carolina Rodríguez-Villalobos; Fabián A. Rodríguez-Zaragoza; Chris Roelfsema; Claire L Ross; Miguel Ángel Ruiz Zarate; Nicole Ryan; Jodi Salmond; Melita Samoilys; Stuart Sandin; Britta Schaffelke; Johanna Segovia; Rita I. Sellares–Blasco; Mohammad Reza Shokri; Paula Sills; Camila B. L. Silveira; Rikoh Manogar Siringoringo; David Smith; Struan R. Smith; Tyler B. Smith; Erwan Sola; Blake Spady; Timothy Staples; Jessica Stella; Robert Steneck; Rick Stuart-Smith; Makamas Sutthacheep; Oliver Taylor; Sterling B Tebbett; Aranteiti Tekiau; Minh Quang Thai; Shanna-Lee Thomas; Angus Thompson; Damian Thomson; Gildas Todinanahary; Tai Chong Toh; Ray Jing Tong; Ruben Torres; Sydney Tritschler; Karenne Tun; Andreina Valdez-Trinidad; Maria Vega Rodriguez; Ouk Vibol; Isael Victoria-Salazar; Thales J Vidal; Maria F. Villalpando; Si Tuan Vo; Zarinah Waheed; Laurent Wantiez; Julien Wickel; Thamasak Yeemin; Leonora Yeo; Fernando A. Zapata.
With thanks to the data contributors:
Rose Abae; Khadija Y. I. Abaker; Swaleh Aboud; Muhammad Abrar; Andrés Felipe Acosta-Chaparro; Mehdi Adjeroud; Aly Bachiry Adouhouri; Greta Smith Aeby; Yang Amri Affendi; Mmadi Ahamada; Mohamed Ahmed; Moustoifa Ahmed; Tracy Ainsworth; Jenan Al Asfoor; Suaad S. Al Harthi; Reem Al Mealla; Mohammad S. Al-Tawaha; Jahson B. Alemu I; Luai Muhammad Alhems; Khadeeja Ali; Abigail Alling; David Alejandro Alonso-Carvajal; Mustafa K. Altaib; Juan José Alvarado; Juan José Alvarado Barrientos; Lorenzo Alvarez-Filip; Imelda G. Amador-Castro; Maher Amer; Amkieltiela Amkieltiela; Robert Anderson; Put Jr. Ang; Shamwari Anseeuw; Maria G. Aponte; Eric Appeldoorn Sanders; Antumane Arabe; Melissa Arbona Fernández; Phoebe Argyle; Jesus Ernesto Arias-Gonzalez; Francisco Arias Isaza; Andrea Arriaga-Madrigal; Tamer Attalla; Lovasoa Cédrique Augustave; Gou Ava; Arturo Ayala-Bocos; Rolf P.M. Bak; Robert Balza; Maria Bernadete Barbosa; Maria Vanessa Baria-Rodriguez; Léo Barret; Tahlia Bassett; Andrew G. Bauman; Chantale Bégin; Ivonne Bejarano; David R. Bellwood; Radhouane Ben Hamadou; Cassandra E. Benkwitt; William Bensted-Smith; Rita Bento; Aude Berger; Tadzio Bervoets; Carlo Nike Bianchi; Lionel Bigot; Chico Birrell; Macarena Blanco-Pimentel; Max Bodmer; Mélanie Bon; Mary Bonin; Clément Bonnardel; Rodney Bonne; Jonathan Booth; Amandine Bordin; Tracey Boslogo; Claude Bouchon; Yolande Bouchon-Navaro; Margarita Brandt; Angelique Brathwaite; Leo Brewster; Maurizelia Brito; Léo Broudic; Sophie Brugneaux; Victor Brun; Frances Budd; John Burt; Eleanor Butler; Abdul Raheem C. N.; Luis Calderon-Aguilera; Johanna Calle-Triviño; Shannon Cameron; Sara Cannon; Sophie Carolan; Jose Julio Casas-Maldonado; Bruce Cauvin; Anna Celis; Julien Chalifour; Yannick Chancerelle; Luis Chasqui; Chaolun Allen Chen; Frederick Chong; Loke Ming Chou; Apple Pui Yi Chui; Yudmila Chunguane; Michel Claereboudt; Liam Clegg; Dorka Cobián Rojas; Anne Cohen; Alistair Cole; Michael Colella; Luigi Colin; Cesar A. M. M. Cordeiro; Raul Igor Corrada Wong; Norton Amilton Cossa; Inés Costa Alonso; Benjamin Cowburn; Mariana Coxey; Jacque Cresswell; Aldo Croquer; Lizeth Cruz; Amilcar Leví Cupul-Magaña; Kitty Currier; Monique Curtis; Camila Brasil Louro Da Silveira; Youssouf Dahalani; Juliette Damien; Jarian Dantas; Emily Darling; Ibrahim Ali Daud; Carlos Daza-Guerra; Didier M. de Bakker; Mareike de Breuyn; Danielle de Kool; Eduardo Cavalcante De Macedo; Thiago Buchianeri Numa De Oliveira; Fábio Negrão Ribeiro De Souza; Laure de Ville d’Avray; John Debuysser; Ethan Degner; Gilles Delouche; Pierre Descamp; Sudhanshu Dixit; Sergey Dobretsov; Orla Doherty; Simon Donner; Jeimila Donty; Yoan Doucet; Nigel Downing; Charlotte R. Dromard; Priscilla Dupont; Janelle Eagle; Caren Eckrich; Graham J. Edgar; Peter J. Edmunds; Olivia Eisenbach; Elamin M. Elamin; Sheikheldin M. Elamin; Eylem Elma; Mohammed Elsayed; Michael Emslie; Andy Estep; Richard Evans; Dan Exton; Mohamed F.M. Fairoz; Duolah Fanambinantsoa; Viliami Fatongiatau; Caroline Vieira Feitosa; Raquel Fernandes; Cindy Fernández-García; Beatrice Padovani Ferreira; Carlos E. L. Ferreira; Miguel Figuerola Hernández; Martin Finau; Kim Fisher; Anna Flam; Sérgio R. Floeter; Graham Forrester; Michael Fox; Patrice Francis; Jan Freiwald; Beverly French; Donavon French; Matthew Fynes; Victor Galván; Rebecca Garcia Camps; Remy Garnier; Joaquin Rodrigo Garza; Ana Lídia Bertoldi Gaspar; Gilberte Gendron; Ida Elizabeth George; Amir Ghazilou; Antoine Gilbert; David Gilliam; James Gilmour; Giyanto; Luiza Pereira Gomes; Rickdane Gomez; Catalina Gómez-Cubillos; Diana Isabel Gómez López; Diana Isabel Gómez-López; Melina R. Gonzáles; Javier Gonzalez-Barrios; Ollin T. Gonzalez-Cuellar; Patricia González Díaz; Juliett González Méndez; Gretchen Goodbody-Gringley; Rodney Govinden; Nicholas Graham; Nick Graham; Rebeca Granja-Fernández; Sébastien Gréaux; Sergio D. Guendulain-García; Geury Guerrero; Nicolas Guillemot; Rachel Gunn; Farah Gutale; Tessa Haanskorf; Andreas Haas; Toby Haddon; Jeneen Hadj-Hammou; Ryan Hannum; Shaha Aminath Hashim; Tevita Havea; Julie Hawkins; Jamie Hayes; Sarah Heidmann; Tom Heintz; Katalina Henao Orozco; James Henkel; Joan Hernández Albernas; Ana Carolina Hernández-Oquet; Pilar Herrón; Heidi Hertler; Leslie Hickerson; Jenny Hickman; Greg Hodgson; Andrew Hoey; Thomas Holmes; Eryn Hooper; Peter Houk; Shoneé Howell; Emily Howells; Danwei Huang; Hui Huang; Lintao Huang; Ya-Yi Huang; Alec Hughes; Alwin Hylkema; Walter Hynds; Titus Immanuel; Magda M. Ismael; Pagu Iswalala; Ayumi Izioka; Colin Jackson; Lei Jiang; Cristian Jitala; Sandrine Job; Gareth John; Johanna Johnson; Jack Johnson V; Michelle A. Johnston; Jacinta Jonathan; Geoffrey Jones; Thadickal Joydas; Laurent Juhel; Stacy Jupiter; Isabelle Jurquet; Juliet F. Karisa; Malnoa Karo; Mohsen Kayal; Inti Keith; Thomas Kemenes Van Uden; Adi Khen; Taihun Kim; Lucas Yutaka Kimura; Tadashi Kimura; Yuko Kitano; Ulrike Kloiber; Oliver Klokman; Ewout Knoester; Mohammed M. Kotb; Kelly Kozar; Lena Kraft; Patricia Kramer; Nicole Krampitz; Uali Kula; Chao-Yang Kuo; July Kuri; Florian Labadie; Didier Labrousse; Carlos Henrique Lacerda; Jean Claude Lalanne; Damaris Landers; Florian Le Bail; Sophie Le Loc’h; Raoul Lebrave; Antoine Leduc; Bill Leggat; Hélène Legrand; Marnik Lehwald; Nick Leigh; Sarah Leinbach; Ainhoa Leon Zubillaga; Oriane Lepeigneul; Mathieu Leray; Andy Lewis; Jiansheng Lian; Abdisalaam Libaan; Reynaldo Lindo; Daniel Lino Lippi; Sandra Little; Enelio Liufau; Naomi Longa; Guilherme O. Longo; Elayne Looker; Andres Lopez-Perez; Max Louis; Diego Lozano-Cortés; Natalie Lubbock; Zau Lunn; André Luza; Vibitha M. A.; Sidonio Machaieie; Mouchtadi Madi Bamdou; Omar Mahadalle; Josianne Mahieu; Mauro Maida; Sosefo Malau; Jennie Mallela; Sangeeta Mangubhai; Jean-Philippe Maréchal; Alyssa Marshell; Tom Martin; Priscilla Carlota Martínez-Panizo; Daniel Mateos; Zaira Matheus; Laëtitia Mathon; Ateliana Maugateau; Anderson B. Mayfield; Juan Mayorga; Mark Mccormick; Croy McCoy; Melanie McField; Adfaoun Mchida; Sheila Mckenna; Alexander R. McLeod; Erik H. Meesters; Jean Mensa; Leonardo Tortoriello Messias; Miguel Mies; Jenny Mihaly; Carol Milner; Emy Miyazawa; Karin Moejes; Misbahou Mohamed; Nicolas Moity; Courtney Moll; Tamal Mondal; Monica Montefalcone; Bradley Moore; Casper Morch; Kirby Morejohn; Clare Morrall; Carla Morri; Amy Morrison; Molly Moustaka; Vanessa Muianga; Thaddeus Murdoch; Hassan Yuusuf Muse; Peter Musila; Mylène Musquet; Carolina Mutatisse; Tamarah Myles; Elizah Nagombi; Radhika Nair; Takashi Nakamura; Cleto L. Nañola; Isabel Narques Da Silva; Raúl Navas-Camacho; Stephen Neale; Victor Nestor; Mike Neuman; C.S. Lionel Ng; Poasi Ngaluafe; Van Long Nguyen; Pascoal Nhamussua; Jean-Benoit Nicet; Gerard Nieuwland; Stephen Nimrod; Ágatha Naiara Ninow; Ernst Noyons; Maggy Nugues; Marissa Nuttall; Omar Nyange; Alex H. O’Brien; David Obura; Kelly O’Connell; Lizzi Oh; Manuel Alejandro Olán-González; Lauren Olinger; Vincent Oliva; Damien Olivier; Abdi Shakur Farah Omar; Mohammed Omar; Melanie Orr; Sophie Osborn; Ronald Osinga; Felipe Ossandon; Caroline Palmer; Selma Pamalok; Fernando J. Pardo Urrutia; Heung-sik Park; John Everett Parkinson; Michael Parrish; Edward J.K. Patterson; Nicole Pedersen; Lucie Penin; Rebekka Pentti; Rebecca Hamel Pepin; Marcos Pereira; Cécile Pérez; Gabriela Aguilera Pérez; Esmeralda Perez-Cervantes; Pierre Petitjean; Alain Pidjot; Mathieu Pinault; Valeria Pizarro; Serge Planes; Lena Pollett; Sean Porter; Pedro Portillo; Morgan Pratchett; Ana Paula Prates; Catherine Priess; Ali M. Qasem; Fabio Quesada-Perez; Fouad Abdou Rabi; Melissa Radley; Chelladurai Raghunathan; Rajkumar Rajan; Swetha V. Rajan; Dayda Rakotomahatsiaro; Solotahiana Rakotomanga; Georgina Ramírez-Ortiz; Amanda Ramos Romero; Angela Randazzo Eisemann; Mahery Randrianarivo; Tahiry Randrianjafimanana; Pedro Range; Danny Kornelio Ravelojaona; Chanel Raynor; Rindra Razandriarison; Denmark Recamara; Tiana Reimann; Bernard Renaudie; Geraldine Rengiil; Héctor Reyes-Bonilla; Mariana Reyna; Laura Richardson; Charlie Riddick; Chris Riley; Andreina Rivera; Fernando E. Rivera; Favio J. Rivera-Martinez; William Robbins; Callum Roberts; Ronan Roche; Alma Paola Rodríguez-Troncoso; Jenny Carolina Rodríguez-Villalobos; Fabián A. Rodríguez-Zaragoza; Chris Roelfsema; Claire Ross; Lynnette Roth; Randi Rotjan; Yann Rousseau; Jasmin Ruan; Hannah Rushton; Corinne Russo; Rob Ruzicka; Nicole Ryan; Daniel Saad; Osama S. Saad; Ahamada Said; Faissoil Said; Hilal Saidina; Laura Sánchez-Valencia; Stuart Sandin; Jyodee Sannassy Pilly; Beatriz Fernandes De Barros Bomfim Santana; Annisah Sapul; Marlen Schlotheuber; Léa Sebesi; Johanna Segovia-Prado; Rita I. Sellares-Blasco; Claude Séraline; Ahmed Sh Ibrahim Sh Aba; Mohamed Shimal; Mohammad Reza Shokri; Paula Sills; Nina Tabitha Simon; Rikoh Manogar Siringoringo; Marina N. Sissini; Jorge Sitoe; Gilles Siu; Robert Sluka; Patrick Smallhorn-West; Jennifer Smith; Struan Robertson Smith; Tyler B. Smith; Erwan Sola; Iara Braga Sommer; Lucy Southworth; Danielle Spring; Maya Srinivasan; Robert Steneck; Stephanie Stinson; Karen Stone; Sandin Stuart; Rick D. Stuart-Smith; Heather Summers; Makamas Sutthacheep; Helen Sykes; Ella Tabares; Frédéric Tardieu; Oliver Taylor; Sterling B. Tebbett; Maureen Tejeda Metz; Victor Tersiguel; Minh Quang Thai; Bernard Thomassin; Angus Thompson; Elizabeth Thompson; Damian Thomson; Gildas Todinanahary; Tai Chong Toh; Ray Jing Tong; Rubben Torres; Erica K. Towle; Ewan Trégarot; Sydney Tritschler; Francesca Trotman; Sanne Tuijten; Karenne Tun; John Turner; Visesio Uluika; Ali M. Ussi; Andreina Valdez-Trinidad; Omar Valencia-Mendez; Matthijs van der Geest; Marijn van der Laan; Alex van der Last; Schannel Van Dijken; Saskia van Dongen; Juliana Vanegas Gonzalez; Maria Vega Rodriguez; Anna Venema; Mark Vermeij; Angelica Verschragen; Effy Vessaz; Rosario A. Viador; Ouk Vibol; Patricia Vicente Castro; Thales Jean Vidal; Maria F. Villalpando; Si Tuan Vo; Christian R. Voolstra; Zarinah Waheed; Laurent Wantiez; Ibrahim Hassan Warsame; Jane Waterhouse; Margot Webster; David Welch; Ross Williamson; Shaun Wilson; Yvonne Wong; Saleh Yahya; Thamasak Yeemin; Leonora Yeo; Lindsay Young; Nilza De Catarina Zandamela; Fernando A. Zapata; Sven Zea; Ute Zischka; Francisco Zivane.
The GCRMN produces estimations regarding the status and trends of coral reefs using data acquired by the members of the GCRMN network. The data are collected following Data Sharing Agreements (DSA) with data contributors and as such the GCRMN is not the owner of datasets shared by its members. Therefore, for the “Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2025” report, the GCRMN is unable to share the raw datasets. However, some members of the GCRMN network and report contributors have made their datasets publicly available. For benthic cover monitoring data, such open access datasets are listed here.
All code used to produce the results and figures presented in the “Status of Coral Reefs of the World: 2025” GCRMN report is openly available on a GitHub repository. This repository allows full reproducibility and transparency of the analyses.
